Development throughout history of the concept of childhood

What are the past beginnings and philosophical constructs of childhood? Has the society ever treated the kid as a ‘whole individual ‘ , given him or her the necessary position in society? Was there a break-through in outlook? The intent of this essay is, to assist me place and derive an apprehension to see whether childhood became an established and recognized clip of life for the kid throughout the centuries. Personally, I believe that, all kids deserve an chance to turn out their capablenesss and that they should be respected as persons. However, until around the 12th century, European society did non believe of childhood as an of import period of development, in the mode that we do today. Children were non cherished as persons. In the Middle Ages, kids had no position in society, and were considered as ‘miniature ‘ grownups. Children were trained to go the future productive members of the society or community. Furthermore, the immature kids were non expected to necessitate any particular intervention. This quiet attitude, reflected profoundly in the deficiency of schools available. The possibility of holding proper instruction was distant, and considered to be an excessive luxury tantrum merely for the male childs coming from affluent households. Children ‘s public assistance and rights were still non recognised or acknowledged. But society ‘s political orientation towards the construct of childhood changed bit by bit from clip to clip. Research shows that finally, kids stopped being consider ed as an add-on part to their households ‘ fiscal economic system. Thankss to the enterprise attempts and work of influential international figures, new constructs of childhood were introduced. New systems and reforms were established to give position to the kid. Towards the 20th century instruction replaced child-labour. Unlike old centuries, society acknowledged the assets of the kid ‘s educational part, instead than his fiscal input. Since so, instruction became the chief component of childhood, and has become a necessity. Much can be said about the twenty- first century where, individuality and creativeness are synonymous with early childhood.Surveies into the history of childhood during the medieval timesThis was non ever the instance, as one of the most controversial issues of the survey of childhood ‘s history is whether or non kids were treated as illumination grownups. Early surveies into the history of childhood were those of Rams Philippe ( 1962 ) , and Lloyd De Mause, ( 1976 ) . Both historiographers came to a decision and stated that the kids ‘s public assistance has evolved significantly throughout the last centuries.A Both historiographers give a really negative image of mediaeval childhood. Lloyd De Mause ( 1976 ) went every bit far as stating that ; A † The history of childhood is a incubus from which we have merely late begun to rouse, † Furthermore he stated that ; â€Å" The farther back in history one goes, the lower the degree of kid attention, and the more likely kids are to be killed, abandoned, crush, terrorized, and sexually abused † . Lloyd De Mause, ( ed. ) , The History of Childhood ( London, 1976 ) . Furthermore, Aries pointed out and supported this thought by stating that, â€Å" It is difficult to believe that this disregard was due to incompetence or incapacity ; it seems more likely that there was no topographic point for childhood in the mediaeval universe. â€Å" ( Aries, 2002, p.33 ) Furthermore, in his book ‘Centuries of childhood ‘ , he continues to prolong this statement by stating that â€Å" there was no construct of childhood as a stateA different to adulthood in these centuries, and hence, even if parents did experience fondness for their progeny, they did non to the full understand how to react to the emotional demands of their kids. â€Å" . Aries, Philippe, 1962, Centuries of Childhood, New York: Random House However, this statement was strongly challenged by Hawalt et Al ( 1986 ) . To turn out her point she researched corner inquest records where it was concluded that mediaeval households did in fact make a differentiation between a kid and an grownup. Hawalt ( 1986 ) Hwang, P.C. , in Lamb, ME. , and Sigel I.E. ( erectile dysfunction ) ( 1996 ) Images of Childhood. London: Routledge David Archard ( 2001 ) , besides agrees with this sentiment. He argues that, â€Å" all societies at all times have had the construct of childhood, that is to state, the construct that kids can be distinguished from grownups in assorted ways † Archard D. , in Heywood. C ( erectile dysfunction ) ( 2001 ) A history of Childhood. USA: Blackwell Publishers Inc. Linda Pollack, ( 1983 ) in her strict research criticised badly all the sentiments of Rams and de Mause and argues that childhood was non every bit austere as it was implied by these two authors. She continues to prolong her point and says, that the parents ever treated their kids in the same manner and that there was no alteration at all during this period. Furthermore, she argues that childhood did non germinate much during this period. A † The texts reveal no important alteration in the quality of parental attention given to, or the sum of fondness felt for babies for the period 1500-1900 † Linda Pollock, Forgotten Children – Parent: Child Relationss from 1500-1900 ( Cambridge University Press, 1983 ) . It is deserving presuming that, there are different sentiments of how childhood was perceived throughout the centuries. In order to find this, it is of import to set up if there was a alteration, how it changed, and the concluding result of this alteration. The alteration through History â€Å" Any state and people that truly believes attending to kids ‘s attention and instruction during the early old ages is of incomputable value to society would do every sensible attempt to put in preschool instruction † . Early on Childhood Education diary, Vol 32, no 3 December 2004 ( c2004 ) Blended perspectives A Global vision for high Quality E.C.E. Between the 16th and seventeenth century ( pre-industrial period ) , England was chiefly rural and agricultural. During their childhood, childs worked in the Fieldss. If they could non work on their households ‘ farm, they were put to work elsewhere. The modern thought of childhood being separated from adulthood life, started to develop throughout the 16th century. Middle category parents began to demand some signifier of formal educational system for their boies. Consequently, schooling for male childs started acquiring popular. This radical societal attitude towards kids and childhood, now requested new educational commissariats. The figure of new schools began spread outing throughout Europe. Parents opted for their kids to go to school, instead than learning them grown-up accomplishments. By the terminal of the 16th century, and beginning of the 17th century, society started separating the function of a kid from that of an grownup. This new construct of childhood put upper category kids in the spotlight, and they shortly became a beginning of amusement among grownups. They were dressed stylish apparels and were the delectation of their parents. However, another new perceptual experience of the construct of childhood shortly arose amongst the church and the moralists, who felt that during the early old ages, religious development was of import. They thought that kids needed subject and instruction. The kid was perceived as â€Å" a delicate animal, who must be protected, educated, and moulded in conformity with the current educational beliefs and ends † . ( Aries, 2002, p.35 ) However, during the Victorian age, the idea of holding any primary instruction was still non that indispensable. However, the Victorian epoch has been depicted by historiographers, as a footing of the modern construct of early childhood instruction. Paradoxically, during this period, the Industrial revolution promoted child labor. At this clip, the industrial Revolution brought on new occupations. Children worked daily in coal mines and mills. They carried out risky occupations. They were ideal for these occupations as they were nimble, and could creep into little topographic points between the heavy machines. They were paid less than grownups. Throughout their childhood, male childs and misss had no pick but to work hard, in order to assist their households. This was non considered mean or odd, because parents thought that work was of import for the fiscal state of affairs of their households. Throughout this clip, kids spent their childhood crammed in overcrowded suites and unhealthy environment. All this resulted in bad wellness, hurts, and sometimes even decease. In his novels, Charles Dickens ( 1812 ) emphasizes on the badness of their childhood. Child manual labor was easy diminished and eventually stopped in Britain. This alteration was brought on through the debut of the mill Acts of 1802-1878. Britain and all Europe were still short of any primary educational proviso. During the 17th and eighteenth century, â€Å" Monitorial † schools, which were established by the Quaker, Joseph Lancaster, and the New Lanark simple schools, founded by Robert Owen were the lone foundations which provided instruction for the babies. During this period there was still the thought that instruction throughout childhood was irrelevant. The bulk of the kids did non go to school, as it was non yet compulsory. Merely boys coming from affluent households could afford to travel to school. They were provided with simple instruction to assist them with basic literacy, and arithmetic. On the other manus, small misss in Britain, stayed at place, to larn how to go good married womans. Disabled kids were besides capable to be neglected and forgott en. However, it was really improbable for kids to hold good quality occupations when they became grownups. Lloyd de Mause ( 1976 ) supports this statement, and says that kids grew up ‘unable to compose or read ‘ . De Mause, Lloyd, ( 1976 ) . ( ed. ) , The History of Childhood: London, The Victorians bit by bit started gaining the function of the kid during childhood. Influential reformists started going aware of the true construct of childhood. They started debating the development of kids. Politicians besides become witting that educating kids could be an plus to the future society. Since so this construct of childhood remained dominant in other societies. Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) sustains this by â€Å" the instruction of immature kids could lend to the development of a better society † Nutbrown C. , Clough P. , and Selbie P ( 2010 ) Early on Childhood Education. , London: Sage publications Throughout history, early childhood pedagogues struggled to better kids ‘s instruction and holistic demands. Historically they all sustained the same thought that of kids need instruction to develop their maximal potency. However these influential figures were n't all of the same sentiment about the instruction and theories of larning. They disagreed on several issues, but all emphasized on the importance of a multi-sensory attack to acquisition. Froebel, Montessori and Steiner all agreed upon touchable stuff which enabled the kid to research and detect the universe around them. Some other innovators of that clip assumed that kid ‘s development is an innate accomplishment. Although their construct of kid ‘s development differed, Russeau, Piaget and Vygotsky all agreed that the kid ‘s features were portion of ‘nature ‘ . Consequently, during the eighteenth and 19th centuries schools started being established by helpers and politicians who believed that society could be of an advantage by holding better educated kids. Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) wrote, ‘Schools were being developed and systems devised and expanded, non merely by spiritual administrations and helpers, but besides of class by the socially and politically motivated who were driven, non by spiritual strong belief but by a belief that the instruction of immature kids could lend to the development of a better society ‘ . When compulsory instruction was introduced in the 19th century there was a despairing opposition from propertyless households. They needed the kids ‘s rewards and would non interchange them for instruction. However, the work and attempt of early innovators contributed to the historical and philosophical alterations which finally improved the function of the kids in society. Influential Figures and their doctrine of childhood Education is the uterus in which our society reproduces itself and re-creates itself for the hereafter. ( Louis Galea Minister of Education, National Minimum Curriculum Malta -1999 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //curriculum.gov.mt/docs/nmc_english.pdf Many influential figures in history started altering the thoughts, the policies and wonts of how early instruction was perceived by society. The thought that educating kids would give part to society was accepted. Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) pg 5, sustains this statement when she wrote and said ‘seeing instruction and schooling as portion of what we could name a societal intercession to do a difference to the lives of hapless and orphaned kids ‘ Influential figures that contributed in the development of early childhood instruction are brought up in this survey. Although their thoughts of childhood development were different, all of them thought that the kid ‘s unconditioned inclinations and characteristic were portion of ‘nature ‘ and that larning should be by find and non by instructions. Comenius ( 1592-1670 ) , is credited for presenting the first illustration book for kids who was called: â€Å" Orbis Pictus ( The World of Pictures ) . He believed that kids needed images to assist them larn. His doctrine was based upon the thought that, kids should be permitted to play, learn and detect at their ain gait. He compared the kids to ‘seeds ‘ Selbie & A ; Clough ( 2005 ) diary of early childhood research 2005, Sage Publications ( www.sagepublications.com ) Nutbrown C et Al ( 2010 ) pg 113 sustains this and says, that they need a ‘guiding manus to assist them boom ‘ , and that ‘a kid can non be forced to larn ‘ . Nevertheless, she continues to state that ‘a kid will bloom into the flower he or she was created to go ‘ . Furthermore, she believes in societal betterment of inclusive instruction where ‘all kids should have their instruction, whatever their gender and societal category ‘ . In Nutbrown C. et Al ( 2010 ) During the 18th century Jean-Jacques Rousseau ( 1712-1778 ) , a philosopher, first wrote about ‘nurturing ‘ kids as opposed to the ‘repressive ‘ position taken at the clip ( MacLeod-Brudenell 2004 ) . Rousseau renowned for his book Emilie, encouraged free drama. He focused on the encompassing scenes. His manner is still followed today in early childhood categories. Following on from his work, other theoreticians have developed changing attacks to the attention and instruction of kids. Pestalozzi, ( 1746-1827 ) , born in Zurich, believed that kids should ‘discover the universe through activity ‘ . Nutbrown C. et Al ( 2001 ) Pg 112. His want was to educate the kid as a whole person. His involvements in kids ‘s rights makes him an of import focal point of historical and philosophical surveies. He was one of the primary laminitiss of inclusive instruction and subsequently founded a school for misss. Following Pestallozi, was Robert Owen ( ( 1771-1858 ) , who started the first simple schools for kids whose parents and older brothers worked in the New Lanark Mills. Furthermore, as stated in the book early childhood instruction, Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) he was ‘making an instruction of the community ‘ . He supported the passage of the Factory Act of 1819, and was the first from prohibiting instructors to hit kids. ‘I support a doctrine of instruction which does its best to cut down any demand for penalty ‘ Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) early childhood instruction Sage Publications Friedrich Froebel ( 1782-1852 ) , a German pedagogue, was one of the early innovators of the reformation of childhood instruction. As an dreamer, he supported the thought, that every kid from birth had educational potency, and that an appropriate educational scene was imperative to assist the kid to go on to turn and develop his or her optimum potency. â€Å" Young kids are to be regarded and tended basically similar workss. Like these, if they were given the right conditions, they would turn and unfold and flower, by their ain jurisprudence, each harmonizing to its single capacity and fate. † ( Lawrence, 1969, p.195 ) Lawrence, E ( 1969 ) Friedrich Froebel and English Education London, Routledge & A ; Kegan Paul Froebel believed that a kid should larn at his ain gait, and the kid should ne'er be hurried or rushed in this childhood development.â€Å" Young animate beings and workss are given remainder, and arbitrary intervention with their growing is avoided, because it is known that the opposite pattern would upset their pure flowering and sound development ; but, the immature human being is looked upon as a piece of wax or a ball of clay which adult male can model into what he pleases † ( Froebel, 1907, p. 8 ) .Froebel, F. ( 1907 ) The Education of Man New York, Appleton & A ; Co Froebel s doctrine was based on the importance of drama through manipulative stuffs, creativeness and motor experience. ‘Children must get the hang the linguistic communication of things before they master the linguistic communication of words ‘ Friedrich Froebel ( 1895 ) Pedagogies of the Kindergarten research publishing house on cyberspace He maintained the thought that a immature kid can merely larn through direct contact with touchable objects. Froebel ‘s dream was to make a universe for small kids†¦ a universe which he called kindergarten. Harmonizing to Froebel, â€Å" drama is the freest active manifestation of the kid ‘s inner ego which springs from the demand of that interior life consciousness to recognize itself externally. † ( Bowen, 1907, p.116 ) Bowen, H. ( 1907 ) Froebel and Education by Self-Activity London, William Heinemann In Froebel ‘s kindergarten, activities through drama enhanced a kid ‘s societal, emotional, physical and rational development. Play was the most of import stairss in the kid ‘s growing. Froebel was fascinated by the kid innate want to play. â€Å" It is through drama that the kid learns the usage of his limbs, of all his bodily variety meats, and with this usage additions wellness and strength. Through drama he comes to cognize the external universe, the physical qualities of the objects which surround him, their gestures, action, and reaction upon each other, and the relation of these phenomena to himself, iˆÂ ­ a cognition that forms the footing of that which will be his lasting stock for life. † ( Bowen, 1907, p.101 ) Bowen, H. ( 1907 ) Froebel and Education by Self-Activity London, William Heinemann To prolong his doctrine, he provided the babies with educational playthings to excite their creativeness. Charlotte Mason ( 1842-1923 ) , another innovator, whose doctrine in educating was by allowing kids use their ain senses and larn through experience. She besides encouraged place instruction. On the other manus, the Macmillan Sisters ( 1859-1931 ) dedicated their lives on advancing a combined sort of service, that of societal, wellness and instruction. This was to promote female parents to convey their kids to the baby's room. Children stayed in well-supervised drama countries. They introduced wellness and societal public assistance in their kindergarten schools to cover with a holistic development of the kid. Rudolf Steiner ( 1861-1925 ) , an Austro-Hungarian philosopher believed that larning should be holistic. In his Waldorf schools, trades music and humanistic disciplines played an of import factor in the school ‘s course of study. Whereas, Montessori and Froebel focused on other facets of larning that of single find, Steiner based his thoughts on more societal facets. Maria Montessori ( 1870-1952 ) , an Italian doctor, worked with hapless and mentally handicapped kids. She taught them self help accomplishments. Montessori besides believed that kids had an unconditioned ability to larn educational accomplishments. In the Montessori environment, kids were encouraged to rectify their ain errors, therefore allowing the kid to be reinforced positively and later get an internal satisfaction. Whilst Froebel believed that concrete objects would besides learn abstract constructs, Maria Montessori believed that kids ‘s acquisition would steer and assist the kid to construct up a better hereafter. Her multi-sensory attack to acquisition is still really popular in kindergarten categories. Another innovator, Susan Sutherland Isaacs ‘s ( 1885-1948 ) influence is still experienced in schools. She established the ‘experimenting ‘ Malting House School in 1924. Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) pg 54 her doctrine highlighted the construct of ‘discovery ‘ acquisition and drama as the kid ‘s primary instruction. She besides believed in the ‘maximum usage of the out-of-doorss ‘ Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) pg 107 Jean Piaget ‘s ( 1896-1980 ) doctrine besides respected kids as ‘independent scholars ‘ . He argued that kids learn from their self-generated engagement of activities. He besides emphasised the engagement of drama to heighten cognitive development. ‘Piaget viewed drama as a procedure in which the kid is active and through which the kid learns ‘ , ( O'Hagan and Smith, 1993, p.69 ) . O'Hagan, M. & A ; Smith, M. ( 1993 ) Early Old ages Child Care and Education: Key Issues 2nd erectile dysfunction. China: Tindall Piaget spoke about kids during their childhood as being ‘egocentric ‘ , that is to state that because of their restricted cognition of the universe, they have problem understanding the point of position of others. His work presented much unfavorable judgment. Donaldson ( 1978 ) in peculiar argued that many of Piaget ‘s research lacked relation to existent life. ( Donaldson 1978 ) . Donaldson, M. ( 1978 ) Children ‘s Minds London: Fontana Another early theoretician, who can be remembered as a ‘constructivist ‘ is Lev Vygotsky ( 1896-1934 ) . Whilst holding with Piaget that kids were ‘active ‘ scholars, he placed more weight on societal communicating with others, as a manner to excite acquisition. He introduced the ‘zone of proximal development ‘ . Although he besides believed that rational development was natural, he argued that a kid had to hold the counsel of grownups to achieve her optimum potency. ( MacLeod-Brudenell, 2004 ) . MacLeod-Brudenell, I. ( Ed ) ( 2004 ) Advanced Early Years Care and Education Oxford: Heinemann. It can be argued that, the doctrine of these historical figures can be correlated to their reading of the issue of ‘children ‘s rights ‘ . All agree that kids have the right to larn. Jalango M.R. et Al, support this thought by saying that â€Å" All immature kids have a right to develop optimally, to hold their intrinsic worth as human existences recognised, and to hold their acquisition facilitated by caring grownups † Jalongo M.R. , Fennimore B.S. , Pattnark. J. , Laverick D. M. , Brewster J. , and Mutuku M. ( 2004 ) Blended positions: A Global vision, † Early on Childhood Education Journal Vol 32, no 3 The construct that acquisition is a procedure which can non be hurried has been echoed through clip by all innovators of Early Childhood Education. Nowadays kids are made to larn from printed out press releases. It is hard for me to believe that immature babies can accomplish more from this formal instruction, than they do from experimenting with age- appropriate undertakings. Presents, the ideal kindergarten schoolroom is allowing kids experimenting in an enriched environment, caring for pets and workss, originative picture, prosecuting themselves in function drama and above all acquiring messy. Acts and Legislations â€Å" There is no responsibility more of import than guaranting that kids ‘s rights are respected, that their public assistance is protected, that their lives are free from fright and that they can turn up in peace † . Kofi Annan, the 7th Secretary-General of the United Nations It is argued that all kids ought to hold an equal chance to show their abilities and should be respected as persons. Unfortunately this was non ever the issue. In 1862, the Revised Code was established. Grants were given to simple schools harmonizing to the class of public presentation and abilities of its students. Gradually, the life for hapless kids started altering. It took some clip for the present authorities to make up one's mind that it was of import for the kids to be protected by jurisprudence. Child-labour was discussed in parliament, and it was established that no kid under the age of 10 was allowed to work in a mine. Parliament besides passed a jurisprudence necessitating kids to go to school every hebdomad. This was presented in parliament by Lord Shaftesbury who subsequently on founded and was president of the Ragged School Union. These ‘ragged schools ‘ were for hapless kids. However, school was non yet mandatory, and kids had to pay for this service. The Forster Education Act of 1870 came into force and required that all England would supply simple schools to immature kids. The Mundella Code of 1882 brought on a large alteration. Finally, schooling became mandatory. All kids had to go to school till the age of 10 and subsequently on it became obligatory till the age of 12. Shortly after on, the school ‘s ‘pence ‘ fee was removed. Discussions started in parliament, to make up one's mind the age when a kid should get down go toing school. The thought of directing the kids a twelvemonth before other European states was brought up by Mundella. He addressed the parliament and said â€Å" I ask you Englishmen and Englishwomen are Austrian kids to be educated before English kids? † ( National Education League 1869:133 ) National Education League 1869:133 ) Report of the General Meetings of the Members of the National Education League. , Birmingham: National Education League After the Second World War, in Britain, the lessening in household siblings and the shuting down of kindergarten schools had lessened the chance for small kids to play and socialize. At that clip, the Local Education Authorities ( LEAs ) found it difficult to add to the figure of baby's rooms, as the Ministry of Education Circular 8/60 said that there could be no addition in nursery school proviso. The deficit of LEA baby's room topographic points and the uninterrupted addition of parental consciousness in the small kids ‘s well-being and instruction during their childhood, triggered a new kind of nursery proviso, that of baby's room groups. In 1972, the Secretary of State for Education, Ms. Margaret Thatcher presented a White Paper, which planned for nursery twenty-four hours schools to be provided for the small kids. There was no turning back. Nowadays research shows that kids ‘s rights are recognised internationally. These have been acknowledged in most of the states, through both international and national pacts. The most of import Torahs which contributed to the rights of the kids are, The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, Declaration of Human Rights, Children Act 1989, the Education Act 2002, Every Child Matters, and the new Childcare Act 2006 which is wholly devoted to early childhood pattern. Furthermore, the Salamanca Statement, 1994 -UNESCO besides states that all kids irrespective of their civilization, ability or linguistic communication have the right to develop their single potency. Historically, kids with particular demands were excluded from mainstream categories. This became a major human r ights issue. ‘Regular schools with this inclusive orientation are the most effectual agencies of battling prejudiced attitudes, making welcoming society and accomplishing instruction for all † The Salamanca Statement 1994, UNESCO 1994 Clearly now all the kids are active persons who â€Å" can lend to society amongst others, and who are much more competent than we choose to believe and at much younger ages excessively † . Freeman cited in King, ( 2007:210 ) King, M. ( 2007 ) Children ‘s rights to engagement. In Waller, T. ( 2007 ) An debut to Early Childhood. Paul Chapman: London The Establishment of Laws and Acts in Malta Education is the uterus in which our society reproduces itself and re-creates itself for the hereafter. ( Louis Galea Minister of Education, National Minimum Curriculum Malta -1999 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //curriculum.gov.mt/docs/nmc_english.pdf During the 19th and beginning of the 20th century in Malta, the huge bulk of Maltese households besides lived in great poorness. Childhood was non much different for Maltese kids. Boys, at a really early age, were sent to labor in Fieldss to assist their households whilst, misss helped their female parents at place. As the Maltese households were really hapless, the necessity to supply their kids with proper instruction was ne'er considered. During the British stay in Malta, the Governor Sir Henry F. Bouviere ( 1836-42 ) engaged Mr. John Austin the High Commission to make research about the state of affairs of the Maltese households. In the Commissioner ‘s study of 1836, Mrs. Sarah Austin commented on the Maltese kids and stated that: â€Å" The moral and rational part of the people is awful. No schools in the Casals, no tolerable instruction for the middling categories, a University whose first professor received ?25 a twelvemonth, no imperativeness, no topographic point for treatment, no intercourse with the English of an amicable and informative type- what wonder if they are nescient and infantile. The lone thing I can non understand is how life is sustained under these fortunes. †Quoted from Dr. David R. Marshall in History of the Maltese Language in Local Education ( Malta, University Press 1971 ) pg 13In 1849, in Malta there were merely 30 primary schools, whilst in Gozo merely two little schools were established. Sir Patrick Joseph Keenan, the current Commissioner composing a study about, in 1881 besides suggested ‘payment harmonizing to consequences obtained by kids ‘ . Teachers were paid harmonizing to the consequences, which were obtained by the kids. These had to sit for an test which was given by the ‘inspector ‘ . This English system was besides used in Malta boulder clay 1900. J. Zammit Mangion provinces ; ‘the dictatorship of reading and authorship and calculation was now complete. The kids were trained like arrow to bark at print ‘ . J Zammit Mangion, in op.cit. p.135. In the early 20th century ( 1927 ) a study was carried out in Malta, and Pawlu F. Bellanti ( 1901 ) stated that, â€Å" the fact that about 50 per cent of the lifting coevals are turning up without any kind of preparation or direction is of excessively serious a nature to be left unnoticed. † Bellanti P.F. , Census of the Maltese Islands taken on the Sunday the 31st March, 1901, under Ordinances no X of 1900 and NoIII of 1901, ( Malta Government Printing Office, 1903 ) p.LVII In 1944 the Education act gave rise to the creative activity of other schools and in 1981, the creative activity of particular educational demands schools. The Education Act in Malta came into force in 1988. It declared that obligatory instruction commences at the age of 5 old ages. It besides declared that it was the duty of every parent of a kid to do certain that their baby had to go to school everyday during the whole scholastic twelvemonth. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.european-agency.org/country-information/malta/national-overview/legal-system It was a interruption through for all the kids. Inclusive instruction was besides a large issue and the Maltese National Minimum Curriculum ( 1999 ) , dedicates a subdivision wholly to early childhood instruction. It acknowledges inclusive Education as one of the basic rules in instruction. By contrast to old centuries, a kid with a disablement now attends a mainstream kindergarten, with other kids. In 2000 The Equal Opportunities Act was established in ParliamentInfo. The Equal Opportunities Act ( 2000 ) spoke about inclusion and stated that it was against the jurisprudence for an educational entity to know apart against handicapped kids. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.european-agency.org/country-information/malta/national-overview/legal-system My memories of childhood â€Å" All immature kids have the right to develop optimally to hold their intrinsic worth as human existences recognized and to hold their acquisition installations by caring grownups † Jalango M.R. , Fennimore B.S. , Pattmark. J. , Laverick De Anna M. , Brewster J. , and Mutuku M. ( 2004 ) Blended Positions: A planetary vision ( from ) Early on childhood Education Journal Vol 32, no 3, December 2004 The class of developing the construct of childhood is an on-going uninterrupted pattern. In the twentieth century the most critical alteration in the public assistance of kids was the dramatic reformation in wellness issues and instruction. Governments funded societal benefits which later, enabled the kid to widen his or her life anticipation and to hold a better instruction. Vaccines and medical specialty were administered to extinguish childhood diseases and schools were established all over Europe. However, I was raised up in Gozo, the little sister island of Malta, and traditions were still more dominant. Religion was the chief focal point of the community and households. I attended a convent school run by a spiritual society. The sisters in the baby's room ran the kindergarten school in a really regime manner. We ever started our twenty-four hours with supplications and anthem. Morning lessons started with mathematics and we would declaim over and over once more a set of Numberss. A paragraph from the Holy Bible was read every forenoon by the female parent superior, whilst we subsequently chanted Psalmss until we got them perfect. However, I do n't hold affectionate memories of this school, as I still retrieve the gustatory sensation of pod liver oil which I had to digest as a ‘compulsory daintiness ‘ . I was ne'er allowed to larn through geographic expedition or drama. No stimulating or originative activities were introduced. However an enriched nurturing environment was provided at place. My childhood memories at place with my household are both memorable and positive. A balanced life was maintained where my emotional and physical basic demands were provided and catered for. Like a sponge I absorbed the basic foundations of maturity which finally helped me take duties of a parent. My parents provided me with love, instruction, protection and were my role-models. Fantastic odors filled our house and my place was a topographic point of comfort and love. As a kid I remember holding completed my prep, embarking outside and playing in the empty streets. It was traditional to play in the quiet backstreets. We invented new games and played ‘hopscotch ‘ , ‘catch ‘ , ‘hide and seek ‘or beads and marbles. We engaged ourselves in ‘miniature grownup ‘ function and we played for really long periods without any grownup ‘s supervising or intervention. This playing in the street allowed me to increase my creativeness, develop my leading and enabled me to work as a group. It is through drama that I interacted with the universe around me. It brought out the maximal potency of my childhood ‘s development – intellectually, physically, socially and emotionally. The purposes of early childhood instruction Pestalozzi and many other innovators, agree that instruction is good to society, to the state ‘s economic system but most of all for the person who will hold an chance to turn out his abilities. This is supported by Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 pg 179 ) who states that ; â€Å" Society and the economic system of a state are enhance as a consequence of improved instruction, but instruction is about something else every bit good and should be valued as a manner of assisting single work forces, adult females and kids to go more to the full cognizant of themselves and their possible within themselves to develop as human existences † . Nutbrown C. , Clough P. , Selbie P. , ( 2010 ) Early on Childhood Education Sage London As all research workers and historiographers agree, the first few old ages of the kid are important. Both Vygotsky and Piaget had the same sentiment that kids are active scholars. However, Vygotsky placed more accent on societal interaction with grownups. Social behaviors are encouraged in early childhood instruction. At school a kid can larn through take parting, detecting behavior, and function modeling. Socialisation encourages teamwork and turntaking. It besides enhances linguistic communication accomplishments, and expands their vocabulary. And as Nutbrown ( 2010 ) argues ‘Children are born with a demand to play and research ‘ Nutbrown C et Al pg11 Early Childhood Education Froebel and Isaac besides sustain the same positions. A kid can heighten his or her societal, emotional, rational and physical development through playing activities. This besides applies to today ‘s thoughts, where kids in a kinder school experiment with playthings and things around them. Imaginative drama helps them, develop rational accomplishments. Children will endeavor to work harder when promised positive supports. Robert Owen was one of the innovators who believed in wagess. On the other manus, physical development is encouraged when kids play with sand and H2O, manipulate clay, or do finger picture. As one can reason, early childhood instruction promotes the optimum schemes to develop the kid ‘s maximal development. Childhood at the bend of the 20 first century As one can gain, history is reiterating itself. It is deserving reflecting, how we are rekindling the thoughts of past innovators and later go throughing them on as our ain â€Å" new † thoughts. This is supported by Rosemary Peacocke ( 1999 ) , when she stated that it is a affair of â€Å" old vino in new bottles, old Plasticine in new forms † . She continues to prolong her positions by stating that history comes as a â€Å" round way † . Whilst Cathy Nutbrown ( 2010 ) besides supports this thought and claims that â€Å" nil is new, thoughts merely repeat † . I ask, do we larn from history, or do we perpetrate the same errors? Lesley Abbott and Helen Moylett ( 1999 ) Early Education Transformed. London: Palmer PressCathy Nutbrown, Peter Clough, Philip Selbie ( 2010 ) Early on Childhood Education History Philosphy and Experience. London: Sage Publications BibliographyResearch workers of the hereafter will maintain traveling back to the instructions of past philosophers, in hope of accomplishing the perfect consequence for the optimum upbringing of kids, that of nurturing, and educating each kid to achieve his or her maximal possible through her childhood â€Å" It is indispensable to hold a better conceptual articulation of what good early childhood instruction is, with appropriate appraisal and rating, which does non cut across its valuable traditions † . ( Bruce, 1997, p.204 ) Bruce, T. ( 1997 ) Early on Childhood Education London, Hodder & A ; Stoughton Ironically many of the thoughts that shaped the kids ‘s features of past century still use today. Children still work, the difference being, that sometimes they do odd occupations to gain excess pocket money to purchase new entertaining engineerings. Girls are non needed as ‘little mas ‘ anymore, but play practical households on the computing machine. Since the beginning of indoor activities such as computer/ picture games, and telecasting, serious concerns have evolved about childhood-life. The freedom of childhood which was so much believed in and encouraged by early innovators is being now endangered by the fright of development of new engineerings. Today the modern construct of childhood is that society position kids as â€Å" societal existences, active in the building of their ain worlds and subjectivenesss and hence potentially active in the building and deconstruction of dominant political orientations † ( Cole, 2004, p.6 ) Cole, M ( 2004 ) † Time to Emancipate the Mind: primary Schools in the New Century † Primary Teaching Studies, August 2004, Trentham Books Life for kids is once more being restricted, as now they live in big blocks of flats, with small infinite or clip to be originative. Much can be debated about the continued being of kids ‘s street civilization which reigned supreme during my childhood! Is this ‘golden epoch ‘ for kids? Decision Despite all this, in this exciting clip of uninterrupted development, I have to acknowledge that this century is offering kids in their early old ages, better public assistance and acquisition chances, which are appropriate to their single demands. This survey has enabled me to sketch the early childhood twelvemonth, and set up that these old ages are influential on a kid ‘s big life. I came to a decision that the attitude of society towards the construct of childhood throughout the centuries has changed in a positive manner, and society presents perceives childhood as an of import factor in a kid ‘s life. Unlike kids of past ages, now have position in society and are persons. Qvortrup et Al, ( 1994 ) besides supports this fact by stating that â€Å" Childs today are no longer seen as uncomplete grownups non yet able to take part in societal life, but as co-constructors of childhood and society † . Qvortrup, J. , M. Bardy, G. Sgritta and H. Wintersberger ( 1994 ) Childhood Matters: Social Theory, Practice and Politics. Aldershot: Avebury.

Dexter vs. Breaking Bad

The American Dream: Dexter vs. Breaking Bad The concept of the American Dream has been around us since the foundation of America and is largely what forms it. This ideal embraces fundamental freedoms that are endowed to each person. It strives for freedom, opportunity, and entrepreneurship for all people. Two television series that incorporate this principle are Dexter and Breaking Bad. Dexter focuses on a blood splatter analyst named Dexter who works to find clues/evidence in crime scenes by day, and secretly is a vigilante serial killer by night.Breaking Bad encompasses a chemistry teacher named Walter White who finds out that he has contracted lung cancer and must find a way to pay for his medical bills. Given his expertise with chemical properties, he decides to cook and sell the illegal and hazardous drug, methamphetamine. Both television shows Breaking Bad and Dexter criticize and portray ideals of the American Dream in their sophisticated plots and character portrayals. A larg e aspect of the American Dream is to ‘dream big. With both series, this concept is definitely represented well.In both circumstances, the protagonists in each show must cover p their devious ways to fit in and not be noticed by their surroundings. Walter does this by confining himself to his meth lab when he gets the free time in order to cook with his partner in crime, Jesse Pinkman. Dexter has to mask his acts of murder as well during his nighttime raids where he stalks his next malevolent victim. The average person Just looking at Dexter and Walter from a general standpoint would not have a clue as to what their side Jobs are.It is for this reason that the two shows do such worthy Jobs of depicting the characters as underdogs with lifestyles that would go unseen by most individuals. The family life and its significance is another key component to look at in both of the series. The concept of a strong family is a vital part of the American Dream. Both Dexter and Walter must support their families' needs and remain in good standing as fathers of their house. In both shows, the chemistry between the families lack greatly and thus successfully criticize that part of the American Dream.Walter must provide for his family while enduring the unfortunate hardship of his progressing lung cancer. Although he does end up providing enough money, Skylar, his wife, demands a divorce due to his chronic lying bout his whereabouts and his ignorance to his other fatherly demands – socializing with his family and being an exceptional role model. Dexter criticizes the notion of a structured and united family life. This original characteristic usually consisted of a happily married husband and wife that were raising a few children in a white picket fenced house.This stereotype is definitely combated in Dexter. Although Dexter does have a toddler son named Harrison whom he loves dearly and relates himself with his beginning, Dexter also has relations with numerous wo men throughout the series. Just a few women he does hook up with are Lila West, Rita Bennett, and Hannah McKay. America has its dark side. It is very apparent to the viewer that both shows do a superb Job at displaying this unfortunate reality.By doing so, the shows simultaneously mock the stereotypical characteristic of the American Dream ideal that the struggles and In Breaking Bad, there are numerous events that take place that embody this notion, such as the drug cartels that are largely organized under the main distributor, Gustavo Fring. There are many murders that occur as well, such as when Gale Boetticher (another meth. ab partner with Walter) is shot and killed by Jesse Pinkman due to Pinkman fearing that Gale would replace him as a partner of Walter, which would be a large financial disadvantage for Pinkman.It is no surprise that Dexter provides an abundant share of violence as well. Being centered on a serial killer, what would one expect? Dexter often makes his victims suffer the punishment that he believes they deserve. A prime example of this is when he hunts down and manages to abduct the infamous ‘bathtub killer' Arthur Mitchell. Dexter chats with Arthur about their beliefs of life and ridicules Arthur for killing innocent victims. Finally, Dexter bludgeons Arthur to death with the back of a hammer to end the scene on a sadistic, yet satisfying note.The method in which Walter gains his money is a superb example of another criticism of the American Dream ideal. The labor-intensive factory working environment was the original norm of how many Americans in the mid '50s found themselves in. Walter shatters this stereotype with his frequent seven-fgure drug deals with various clients. Not only does Walter live out this get- rich-quick mentality, but several others, such as Jesse Pinkman, Gustavo Fring, and Gale Boetticher are shown throughout the series to achieve wealth in a similar way – the exchanging of illegal drugs.Although the A merican Dream ideal has evolved over time, it is still largely predominant in todays society. The two television series do wonderful Jobs of portraying and criticizing the American Dream. Some of the major characteristics that they target are the importance of family life, the mentality to ‘dream big, and the reality of the ‘dark side' of America. The relations, portrayals, and criticisms of the American Dream ideal between Dexter and Breaking Bad can be easily deciphered if one Just simply looks for them.

Material Flow Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Material Flow Accounting - Essay Example These methods have proved popular at national levels following the new Think Green Trend which now seems to have taken over even the fiscal and monetary policy of the public and private sector and has often even been termed a system for integrated environmental and economic accounting. Browne (2005).The EIA and the EMS have proved to be very popular tools of the Environmental Impact Assessment strategies and the trend has so far not been restricted to the USA but many other jurisdictions are now changing their laws (particularly the EU) in order to be better able to reduce the stress on natural sources and the environmental impacts and increase the operating efficiency of certain firms which may otherwise be an environmental hazard. (Durrenberger, G., Hartmann, C.2002).The EIS is fast becoming a tool for An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and such a statement through the use of accounting techniques like the MFA and LCA(discussed down below will be used to give an assessment of the positive and/or negative environmental influences that a project may have on the environment. The statement will then identify and foresee the social and biological impacts ion the environment as a part of good practice and sometimes legal compulsion in many countries today to decide whether the project being undertaken is worth the damage it will have on the environment. ... (Fehily, Timoney & Co. 1999).To facilitate such as analysis two techniques have developed in the yester decades to provide a more technical prediction of the environmental cost and benefit analysis. (Fehily, Timoney & Co. 1999)Firstly there is the Material flow analysis (MFA) which will amalgamate the material flows with in a development transaction and will also calculate indicators and develop strategies and measures for improving material flow systems.Thus academic opinion has endorsed it a credible method of assuring the sustainability of industrial ecology along with the techniques of LCA ( life cycle assessment).The MFA will be used while making decisions in the EMS and EIS by capturing the mass balances in an economy or an upcoming development transaction , where inputs (extractions + imports) equal outputs (consumptions + exports+ accumulation + wastes), and will utilize the laws of Thermodynamics. (Fehily, Timoney & Co. 1999).This method facilitates the decision making proce ss in the Impact Assessment by recognizing that the total amount of matter and energy involved at each and every stage of the economic cycle is required for all economic activities. The pith and substance of the analysis thus becomes the query whether flow of materials is sustainable in terms of the environmental burden it creates. (Fehily, Timoney & Co. 1999). In an EIS statement the MFA will be used to minimize the flow of materials while maximizing the human welfare generated by the flow. This is because the MFA system is involved in the monitoring of wastes that are typically unaccounted for in traditional economic analyses. (Kahn, H., Brown, W., Martel, L. 1976). Similarly then we have the system for the life

Research and analyze company's current IT situation Essay

Research and analyze company's current IT situation - Essay Example The first outlet of Wal-Mart was opened in the same area in 1962 by the name of Wal-Mart discount store. Thereafter, another 12 retail stores under the ownership of Walton’s family were opened (Wal-Mart). However, it was not until 1969 that the Wal-Mart stores chain was founded (Wal-Mart). The strategy on the basis of which Wal-Mart was founded was providing everyday low prices at any place. It was not until 1970 that the first stock was traded with the formation of Wal-Mart as a public limited company (Wal-Mart). Thereafter, the company’s operations expanded and its distribution centers increased leading to increased growth through acquisitions. Competition also increased with retailers such as K-mart, Costco, Dillard's, Dollar Tree, J.C Penny, Sears and Target (NASDAQ). The bargaining power of customers, therefore, increased with the availability of greater substitutes. This increased the need to manage the operations efficiently and effectively which meant the compan y had to make use of information systems and manage them to sustain their competitive edge. Perhaps the primary reason behind the rapid growth of Wal-Mart is its high responsiveness to customer needs and cost reduction through the integration of information technology and information systems into its supply chain and logistics. This is reflected in Wal-Mart being the first retailer to have adopted the hub-and-spoke system of centralized distribution (Banjo). The hub-and-spoke system revolves around the idea of systems integration with the inflow of products from various places to distribution centers where the orders are consolidated and sent to their respective destinations (Banjo). These enable companies to reduce cycle times, inventory as well as costs of transportation. Wal-Mart has carefully synchronized its business strategy with its MIS strategy. This is in line with literature which suggests that the operational, managerial and strategic needs of corporation must be aligned with the information systems. The model of strategic alignment suggests that the business, IT, Organizational infrastructure and IT infrastructure must be aligned with each other (Venkatraman, Henderson and Oldach). The strategic drivers in the case of Wal-Mart included intense and growing competition, the need to shift to online operations and cutting costs to enhance profits. All these have resulted in Wal-Mart resorting to the use of Management Information Systems in its operations. Although traditionally classified as a brick and mortar company with physical operations only, Wal-Mart can now be categorized as a dot.com corporation as well owing to the foundation of walmart.com. Wal-Mart presents a case of a retailer that has used information technology to achieve and maintain a competitive edge in the market. As mentioned earlier, this is based on the company’s business strategy of offering lowest possible prices (which can come through lowest possible costs). Therefore, cost reduction and responsiveness to customer needs have been at the heart of Wal-Mart’s business strategy. The company has catered to the needs of most of its stakeholders including its vendors, suppliers and customers through the adoption of information systems. Wal-Mart has invested huge sums of money for tracking its inventory across all outlets. The satellite communication system developed in

Health epidemiology & statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health epidemiology & statistics - Essay Example The city of Houston is situated on the Galveston bay in the eastern part of Texas. It is in close proximity to the Texas Gulf Coast and it takes about 2 hours to reach the border between Texas and Louisiana from the city. Unofficially, it is popularly known as the â€Å"Bayou city† since it has four bayous running through it. The official nickname of the city is â€Å"Space city†. This title is derived from the fact that it is home to Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center of NASA. This is place that contains the location of mission control. It has one of the busiest ports; the port of Houston. The place is additionally well known for its energy or oil or its many industries that deal with aeronautics. One of the most renowned medical centers is also located in Houston (Olien & Olien, 2002). The region has many housings and zonings. These are found along the main road, where there are plenty of apartment complexes. These are built using modern ideas and are mainly gated. Although others houses appear to have been built in the 1980s, there are others that were recently constructed with most of them having the average length of about 3 to 4 levels. There is a mix of the old houses and the new houses that are located within each other. They come in a wide historical range from historical to modern with some of them being older and neglected while others are modern and sophisticated. Besides these, there are also numerous healthcare institutions. The area around Houston in Texas is largely an open space. However, it does not provide adequate fresh air since it is occupied by commercial buildings and residents. It is also surrounded by a number of parks. These include trailing parks, playgrounds, and basketball courts, which are open for use by the public as well as the dog owners. The bayou is surrounded by plenty of green grass and many trees. The neighborhood in this region has boundaries made of highways. The main mode of transport is by car though there

Ethics in Real Business Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics in Real Business Life - Essay Example According to Le Blonde (2013) the strike was mainly caused by Workers who were â€Å"demanding a collective wage agreement to meet pay standards in the German retail sector.† However, the management on the other hand is arguing that the employees are getting what they are supposed to get. â€Å"The Head of Amazon Germany indicated that there was no need for negotiation with regards to the issue of compensation. He said: â€Å"Amazon already pays [workers] above average for the logistics sector and we are in a direct dialogue with our workers – we dont need Verdi for that" (Le Blonde, 2013). This shows that there is a conflict of interest between the management and the workers. It is unethical for business to pay poor wages to the workers. Employees are also human beings with needs and interests in their lives and they can fulfil them through the money they get from their respective workplaces. Paying low wages to the employees amounts to exploitation and this is unethical in as far as business operation is concerned. The management in the organization should see to it that the employees get fair wages that are commensurate with the work they are doing. Failure to do that may result in conflicts emanating from wage disputes. These are counterproductive since the workers will down tools and this can impact on the effectiveness of the organisation as a whole. In my own opinion, I think it is unethical for the company to offer little wages to the employees. The company should be socially responsible and it should ensure that the employees are getting satisfactory wages in order to create loyalty among them. Workers who are disgruntled are not productive and this can impact on the overall performance of the company as a whole. The performance of the company mainly depends on the effort put by the employees in their performance. In order to gain the trust of people, organizations should ensure that they put in

A raisin in the sun Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

A raisin in the sun - Essay Example It is like the concepts of freedom, democracy, socialism and so many other words that are too profound to comprehend it its fullest of terms. As an example, can one truly have freedom Society has put in place rules, laws and regulations. These are restraints placed by society on ones exercise of freedom. These are placed by society for the benefit of society itself so that the people can work and live in harmony. Now, Is there really freedom And yet people keep on claiming that they have freedom. The American Dream of working and at the end of it all enjoying the fruits of ones labor in terms of prosperity and fame, is the ideal scenario. It fails to take into consideration other factors that may influence the success or failure of the end goal. I would like to call these the internal and external factors. The internal factors refer to the thinking or thought processes of the individual as it reacts to the stimuli outside him. These stimuli may refer to occasions, experiences, persons or anything that affects him emotionally, mentally, socially, etc. The external factors are occurrences that either help or prevent one from reaching the coveted American Dream. Lena Younger saw the failure of the American dream in the life of her husband who worked himself to death -"working and working like somebody's old horse killing himself." Lena remembers clearly that Big Walter has plans for bride when they rented that apartment. He planned on working hard and after several months they would leave that apartment and purchase the house near their apartment. But after working hard for several months he still did not have the money to purchase a house. His dreams of purchasing a house vanished. In the end, he dies without experiencing the promise of a better life. Lena too worked most of her life. Her thick calloused hands testify to this. She knew that, like her husband, her pay would only be sufficient for their subsistence. Her dreams of owning a garden has been exchanged for the reality of a mere potted plant. She has resigned herself to the truth that hardwork alone will not bring her success. This changed when at the death of her husband she rece ives the $10,000 check from the Insurance Company. This brought her hope for a better life. Her dream would finally come true. She placed a down payment on a home with a garden. Another external factor that threatened the realization of the dream came about when the white community sent an emissary, Mr. Lindner to buy their house from them. And yet another external factor made its presence known with the loss of the rest of the Insurance money which destroys their confidence in being able to meet the monthly payments for the new house. Beneatha Younger dreams of becoming a doctor despite the pleadings of her brother that they cannot afford her schooling. When the positive external factor came in the form of the insurance money she knew that her dream would soon be realized. So, when the negative external factor occurred at the loss of the money, she could not contain herself and lashes out at her brother calling him "Monsieur le petit bourgeois noir- himself! There he is -Symbol of a Rising

How popular music is used to express the artists views of contemporary Coursework

How popular music is used to express the artists views of contemporary society in Black Eyed Peas - Where is the love music text - Coursework Example 9). The music highlights the dire confusion that characterizes the global community to date, where instead of living by what it professes it is doing the contrary. This is via killing and encouraging evils that tend to fuel disunity like discrimination emanating from the love of one’s race, hence offering it adequate space to block other people from mingling freely. Conversely, some verses in the song address some selected people especially the leaders who have incalculably yielded to the eruption of global wars. The wars like WWII that have erupted due to the motivation from own gains where the leaders assume they are right. Additionally, the song’s composer in a way encompasses even the audience as having contributed to the same scenario globally. This is because the text addresses the humanity (world) and uses pronoun â€Å"we† to imply the entire people. The song’s intention is to inform global inhabitants who have high intellectual competence than oth er creatures. The message is in the form of a query regarding the utter dehumanization that is evident worldwide and persists to the present. Music text gives an illustration of terrorism, which the global securities are tying to curb it, especially the America via utilizing its sophisticated CIA organ, but all in vain (Miller, 2004, p. 9). The vice is still evident in the world, and its impacts nobody can refute since it terminates guiltless people primarily the children and youths. Its core question is the where has love vanished and the world’s sympathy besides respect for people. Since all the ills that characterize the world presently emanate from the nonexistence of love that should unite and bring harmony. Contrary, disunity, animosities have taken the lead where they characterize... This "How popular music is used to express the artists’ views of contemporary society in "Black Eyed Peas - Where is the love" music text" outlines the connection between the songs texts and author's personal opinion about society on the Black Eyed Peas "Where is the love" example. The song’s intention is to inform global inhabitants who have high intellectual competence than other creatures. The message is in the form of a query regarding the utter dehumanization that is evident worldwide and persists to the present. Music text gives an illustration of terrorism, which the global securities are tying to curb it, especially the America via utilizing its sophisticated CIA organ, but all in vain (Miller, 2004, p. 9). The vice is still evident in the world, and its impacts nobody can refute since it terminates guiltless people primarily the children and youths. Its core question is the where has love vanished and the world’s sympathy besides respect for people. Sinc e all the ills that characterize the world presently emanate from the nonexistence of love that should unite and bring harmony. Contrary, disunity, animosities have taken the lead where they characterize humanity’s actions besides resulting to deaths and crying of guiltless children, leaving them as orphans. The text is calling upon the world to live according to what it preaches (love) instead of the contrary, hence the song’s title â€Å"Where Is The Love?† The composer unveils brewing of wrangles amid states that yield to grievous wars (Miller, 2004, p. 9).

Organisation Culture Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Organisation Culture - Coursework Example shed in 1976, and which is based in Bangladesh, can be characterized as part of the Grameen Foundation, an organization aiming to help people worldwide to develop an income that allows them to cover their basic needs. Two are the key tools used by the Grameen Foundation in order to achieve this target: microfinance and technology. Grameen Bank is aligned with the above rule providing to poor people financing solutions, through appropriately customized microfinance schemes, so that they can develop their own business. Current paper explores the following issue: how does Grameen Bank’s Culture empower poor local women to earn a livelihood. In this context, the Bank’s current culture will be explored and analyzed at the level that it can respond to the specific need, i.e. the empowerment of poor local women to earn a livelihood. The issue described above is explored using two theoretical frameworks, as appropriate for the analysis of such issue: the Hofstede framework on culture (Figure 1, Appendix) and the theory of Schein on the three – level of culture (see Figure 2, Appendix). Hofstede tried to identify those elements that are most likely to be parts of a nation’s culture, meaning that these elements can be the basis for the differentiation of each population from other populations in terms of culture. The study developed by Hofstede revealed that there are five categories of characteristics that distinguish populations internationally: ‘a) the level of individualism, b) the power distance, c) the uncertainty avoidance, d) the masculine-feminism and e) the dynamism’ (Tian, 2004, p.18). The above elements/ criteria are used in order to explain the strategies followed by the Grameen Bank for supporting the poor women; also these elements are used for understanding the perspectiv es of the bank’s plans in regard to the financial development of poor women, at least for covering their basic needs. The second theoretical framework used in order to

If I Were to Wake Up as the Other Gender Essay Example for Free

If I Were to Wake Up as the Other Gender Essay Tomorrow, things would be different if I woke up as a boy. I would jump into the shower, but instead of the usual 20 minutes, it would only take me half the time to finish. I would be amazed about how much faster I could dress. It would also take me half the time to get ready since I do not have to dry my formerly long beautiful hair; now, I could just run a comb through my short hair. When I see myself in the mirror, my first reaction probably would be, â€Å"Holy Cow, I am so hairy!† Although I would be transformed into a male, I would still need to maintain my appearance. This means I would pluck my eyebrows, especially my unibrow, shave if I needed to, and make sure my face is fully moisturized. Shaving might consume the most time since I would have so much hair. When I finish washing up, I would need to get dressed for school. This would be a challenge since I do not have any male clothes, except some baggy shirts that I wear to sleep. I would need to wear one of them and find pants that would fit me. I would notice how my feet have grown and would need to borrow my roommate’s shoes. He always leaves them at the door so I would not bother him. He would freak out if he finds a male in his apartment. I would need to sneak out before he woke up. I would not care about what I wear because it would not be important. I would grab all my belongings for school. I would normally be nervous and anxious, but on the drive to school, I would be extremely excited to see what my day would entail. Also, I would be afraid of what my best friend would think about this situation. She would most likely scream out since she was used to me being a female. I would arrive at school and see my friend at our usual spot. I would go up to her and she would probably jump up and down thinking I was insane. I would calm her down and explain to her what happened. We would not gossip because my friend would still be trying to grasp the concept, and being a male, it would be hard to talk a lot. I would think back to when I talked about boys as a female, now I realized the roles have been changed. My friend would hopefully accept who I was. The next hard challenge would be how my professors react when they realize a new person is in their class. My first class would come along and I would sit through it without my professor noticing me as a male. I’m usually a talkative person, but this time around I would stay quiet. Because my female body would be absent, some of the students might ask if I was sick, because I had never missed a class. I would try hard not to laugh. I would stay quiet the whole day since I would not want to be suspicious or act differently from my female self. When lunch came around, I would be so hungry that I would drive to McDonalds and order ten piece chicken nuggets, a 24 oz coke, large fries, and two cheeseburgers. I always knew that men had an appetite. I would not be afraid to eat all of the food since I knew men also have a high metabolism. I would take advantage of my new transformation. After school, I would rush to the gym to show off how muscular my arms are and play some basketball with some boys at the gym. I would be so much faster and have much more strength than I ever had. There are definitely some advantages and disadvantages of being a male versus a female. Being a boy would be much easier, but overall, I would not change who I am, and I like my female gender better than if I was to transform.

Michael Ondaatjes Coming Through Slaughter

Michael Ondaatjes Coming Through Slaughter Michael Ondaatje, the first Canadian writer to win the prestigious Booker Prize in 1992, is celebrated as a contemporary literary treasure. In his works he attempts a re-evaluation of history by focusing on relations between the margins and the centre, the personal and the public. As such his works readily lend themselves to post-modern and post-colonial approaches to literature. In addition, Ondaatjes distinctive appeal is that of an experimental practitioner and stylish expert in creating sensuous and sensual effects. Ondaatje draws heavily from his personal experience of being at the intersection of cultures, which enables him to attempt a special review of reality. Born in Sri Lanka, the former Ceylon, of Indian/Dutch ancestry, he went to school in England, and then moved to Canada. His multicultural roots and upbringing in multicultural society has provided him with a special insight into diverse positions and views. Acknowledged as one of the worlds foremost writers, Ondaatjes artistry and aesthetics has influenced an entire generation of writers and readers. Although best known as a novelist, Ondaatjes work also encompasses memoir, poetry, and film, and reveals a passion for defying conventional forms. From the memoir of his childhood, Running In The Family, to his Governor-Generals Award-winning book of poetry, Theres a Trick With a Knife Im Learning To Do (1979), to his classic novel, The English Patient (1992), Michael Ondaatje casts a spell over his readers. His works are characterized by a bleakly evocative narrative and minimalist dialogue, blending documentary and fictional accounts of real characters. The present paper attempts to trace and evaluate Ondaatjes explorations of identity as retrieved from history and memory. The focus is on Coming Through Slaughter, in which Ondaatje recreates the forgotten story of Billy Bolden, transforming it with such ingenuity that it occupies the space between history and memory, reality and imagination. The no vel explores the themes of alienation and infidelity that so often lead an individual to self-destruction, a typical element of the modern lifestyle. First published in 1976, the novel Coming Through Slaughter is a fictionalized version of the life of the New Orleans jazz pioneer Buddy Bolden. Charles Buddy Bolden (September 6, 1877 November 4, 1931) was an African American musician. He is regarded a key figure in the development of a New Orleans style of rag-time music which later came to be known as jazz. The novel covers the last months of Boldens sanity in 1907 when his music becomes more radical and his behavior more erratic. Ondaatjes concern however is not as much with the actual life story of Bolden as with the world of the time, where, as he says, There was no recorded historyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦History was slowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(2,3).The novel portrays this historical figure in a way that draws on his actual life, but as Cynthia F. Wong succinctly points out, Ondaatje blurs the generic distinctions between poetry and prose, factual verisimilitude and fictional reconstruction (289) in order to explore the novels central theme. The novel comprises of a series of events strung together as snap shots demanding from readers to imagine and retrieve the self of Bolden from them. Ondaatje artistically and beautifully narrates the tale of the protagonist Buddy Boldens descent into his own hell. A blues musician, Bolden was unsurpassed in his time as his work influenced the music of several later generations. However in his time he struggled to transcend lifes miseries even as he frequently lapsed into despair, loneliness, and subsequently, madness. In this novel, Ondaatje touches the issue of infidelity with gossamer perfection and adds new dimensions and understanding to it. He raises pathos to such poetic heights that his genius matches with that of the great Greeks and does not falter when compared with greatest Bard of Elizabethan era- Shakespeare. There are no kings, no queens and no princes. There is nothing halo about the mega character. Neither there are gods nor ghosts to guide the hero. However, there is wisdom of the blood feeling on the hair tips and a wild passion that guides. The milieu depicted in the novel is lewd and lascivious. As he writes, By the end of Nineteenth century, the Storyville district of New Orleans had some 2000 prostitutes, 70 professional gamblers, and 30 piano players.(3) But it had only one man who played the cornet like Buddy Bolden he who cut hair by day at N. Josephs Shaving Parlor, and at night played jazz, unleashing an unforgettable wildness and passion in crowded rooms. The world that Ondaatje portrays is inhabited by people living at the margins of society; pimps, whores, barber, musicians playing in bars, etc. Through such a portrayal, he recreates the exciting world of jazz, as he describes how whores lay naked on the stage amidst a rendering of wild, loud and vibrant music- sensuous and passionate in the background. There is no talk of morality or other rules governing civilized society. Ondaatje takes us to the places where there are over 100 prostitutes from pre-puberty to their seventies (2). Music players are barbers. It is a dead crowd where money is the most living thing. They are neither Titans nor war wrecks or winners, but blacks pulsating with vigor, strength, passion and promiscuity. Ondaatje thus gives a presence to people who have always been deprived from occupying the historical space. The novel is explicitly about Boldens identity as expressed in his music, but implicitly, it is about his identity as a black man whose musical insistence on freedom is thwarted by worsening racism in New Orleans at the beginning of the twentieth century. Yet as Ondaatje observes, many interpreted Boldens subsequent crack-up as a morality tale of a talent that debauched itself. But his life at this time had a fine and precise balance to ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (7). Ondaatje portrays Bolden, an American of African ancestry as a tragic artist, a man whose musical genius isolates him from friends and family and eventually leads to his insanity. The black-white racial conflict however does not become the focus of the novel. Rather structured like jazz music, the novel presents a fragmented, multi-voiced, episodic narrative that draws even an unwilling reader into its passion. In this ordinary world, Ondaatje takes up the issue of infidelity. There are no accusations, no cold revenge, no plotting, no cursing, no murdering; but silent suffering- an ache in the soul-a sublimation and pouring out of the heart in the art i.e. music. As Ondaatje portrays, the cruelties of external world pervade the personal one too. Shakespeares Hamlet could rightly aver, Frailty- thy name is woman. But here both men and women are frail. Why so? Not an easy question to answer. In an unjust world where the primary struggle is that of survival, pure bonds of love are impossible to forge. Infidelity has remained curse of all ages, civilizations and tribes. Wounds and woes of infidelity lead to unbearable pain that becomes difficult to express. Why one falls in bondage, why seeks solace in this bondage, one does not realize. Why man and woman wish to break this bondage? Perhaps no one can ever describe. Buddy has learned that Tom Pickett is having an affair with his common-law wife , Nora Bass. Pickett is an extremely handsome pimp in the city of New Orleans. Boldens wife, Nora, was formally part of Picketts business endeavors. After Pickett boasts about his relationship with Nora, Bolden doubts the stability of his construction of Nora, If Nora had been with Pickett. Had really been with Pickett as he said. Had jumped off Boldens cock and sat for half an hour later on Tom Picketts mouth on Canal Street. Then the certainties he loathed and needed were liquid at the root (75). What emerges in the novel thus is the murky world at the very rag and bone shop of society where alcohol and sex make up for pain and love, and music exudes ineffably from the fabric of blasted lives. Boldens musical progress is differentiated from that of his contemporaries and followers as clear and even transcendental, particularly at the point where he becomes irretrievably insane. But why such a talented and pure spirited man should linger on in the mental asylum for all his life and die anonymous. Herein lies the true ache of novel and its genuine pathos. Buddy is neither killed or murdered nor crucified but is slaughtered on the altar of infidelity. When Bolden meets Robin Brewitt, Ondaatje observes that he nearly fainted (27); he loses control of his senses, and, perhaps in more romantic terms, his heart. The early stages of Boldens relationship with Robin are marked clearly by an ongoing loss of control or, more accurately, by the loss of the balance that characterized his life with Nora. Robin seems to represent an alternate other for Bolden a second chance, as it was, for his constructing a kind of truth for himself. It is stated repeatedly that even though Bolden has numerous women throwing themselves at him, he truly loves Nora. However, after Bolden runs from New Orleans, he finds himself without Nora. As Ondaatje portrays, Bolden does not really love Robin. Robin is his outlet. She blurs into Nora- and Nora is not his. He is completely alienated and devastated- devoid of everything- including his kith and kin. Only a slow and anonymous death is his destiny- a destiny of every modern man. The story is told in many fragme nts and many voices: Actual accounts of Boldens life and performances, oral history, lists of songs, biographical facts, narrative, dialogue, interior monologues, psychiatric reports, bits of poetry and lyrics, the authors own voice through which Ondaatje weaves a series of brilliantly improvised sets. There are blues, there are the hymns, there is rhythm, there is free jazz, there is melody, soul, mood, wild aggression with notes flung out in pain and hurt and it all creates an atmosphere, an environment. New Orleans whores, pimps, drugs, booze, clarinets and cornets, jazz and jazzmen, ship builders and photographers and love and lunacy. Buddy also breaks the boundaries of love; he sacrifices his wife and children in order to pursue something more with Robin. In the Parade on fifth morning, Buddy gives his last performance. In the Liberty-Iberville concert, during the performance, Bolden is fascinated by a dancing girl who follows the rhythms and dances to his tunes intoxicatingly. Boldens self is completely immersed into music, so much that he even forgets the audience. The mounting tension between Bolden and the girl is reflected in the prose of the passage as run-on sentences break into fragments and then continue to the climactic point of Boldens complete immersion into music: In fact, the following passage reads much like a metaphor for the act of sex. Boldens love life is revealed when he describes the beautiful dancer as a culmination of his lovers. Then with the gorgeous dancer at the parade who pushes him to further limits leading to his destruction: All my body moves to my throat and I speed again and she s peeds tired again, a river of sweat to her what her head and hair back bending back to me, all the desire in me is cramp and hard, cocaine on my cock, external, for my heart is at my throat hitting slow pure notes into the shimmy dance of victory . . . feel the blood that is real move up bringing fresh energy in its suitcase, it comes up flooding past my heart in a mad parade, it is coming through my teeth, it is into the cornet, god cant stop god cant stop it cant stop the air the red force coming up cant remove it from my mouth, no intake gasp, so deep blooming it up god I cant choke it the music still pouring in a roughness Ive never hit, watch it listen it listen it, cant see I CANT SEE. Air floating through the blood to the girl red hitting the blind spot I can feel others turning, the silence of the crowd, cant see (131-32). Thus the instrument and the player become one. Diffusing himself, rather melting himself, blowing out himself through the cornet, his body, nerves, veins, sperms and aches of the soul find release. The whole scene is so built; the pitch of the music is raised to such sublimity that everybody is purged of his or her sin. The pathos of the jazz turns lyrics into hymns. The dancing girl appears to be a nymph and Buddy becomes the mystic piper. The appearance of a dancing woman who reminds him of both Nora and Robin releases his latent insanity, which is manifested in a stroke that he suffers while playing his cornet. Bolden spends the rest of his life in an asylum in nearby Jackson, returning to New Orleans only for burial in 1931. It is devastating to watch him confined, suffer abuse and gradually slip into madness. Jon Saklofske recognizes that Ondaatje rescues Buddy Bolden from historical obscurity by elevating and complicating the musicians largely forgotten history with a self-conscious and largely fictional synthesis of memory and imagination. The liberties Ondaatje takes in Coming Through Slaughter with his subject to achieve this re-presentation and the ownership of the portrait that results, exposes this type of authorial activity as a problematic appropriation. As a collector, Ondaatje becomes the owner and an essential part of this transformed and personalized image of Bolden. Further, Saklofske rightly argues that Ondaatje preserves Boldens presence, actively confronts historical exclusivity, and interrupts his own authority over his subject. Although his interaction with actual historical figures decreases with successive novels, Ondaatjes personal encounter with the impersonal machine of history continues, asserting itself repeatedly as a successful strategy against destructiveness or authoritative exclusion. Ondaatje tells of Buddy Boldens descent into his own hell, unwittingly or self-created, we do not know, but, in the process generating a level of art and beauty unsurpassed in the postmodern era. It is a story of despair, madness, loneliness, of the viciousness of life affecting high art, of art struggling to transcend lifes miseries, not always successfully, but ultimately a tale of aching lyricism. Ondaatjes language is innovative and appropriate and his strong theme is rich with universal implications. Ondaatje uses technique of Repetition with regards to the title. Twice in the book, Ondaatje includes references to a town north of Baton Rouge called Slaughter, through which Buddy passes twice. The most concrete theme is the idea of the setting as slaughter. The acceptance of promiscuity is a major cause of conflict and downfall. Ondaatje includes a description of the mattress whores who have been kicked out of Storyville for showing evidence of having sexually transmitted disease s. They are literally rotten. Promiscuity also seems to rot Bolden. By the time he has had his gratuitous fun in Storyville, married Nora, abandoned Nora, and had an affair with another woman, Bolden has lost his passion for jazz and is obsessed with sex. I desire every woman I remember (99), he says while he is isolated outside New Orleans. Ondaatje thus explores the connection between creative talent and self-destruction. He however does not try to answer any questions for his readers. He gives the facts, filling in where needed, and lets the reader decide what to think. After Boldens return to New Orleans, he is driven into deeper madness than before until he eventually experiences a climactic breaking point during a parade. Some say it was the result of trying to play the devils music and hymns at the same time. Others say it was from too many general excesses. Whatever the cause, Ondaatje makes it clear that, for Bolden living in New Orleans in the early 20th century, the road to anonymity was much more difficult than the road to fame. To sum up, Ondaatje attempts to retrieve the story of Buddy Bolden which lies hidden beneath layers of time. He draws as much from history, as from memory, re-mixing facts with fiction, reality with imagination, even reinventing the self of Bolden by mixing him with what he terms in the postscript as personal pieces of friends and fathers. In the novel thus, Ondaatje grapples with the intertwined notions of history, memory and identity portraying how memory affects history, to preserve, as also to distort. Identity as such has to be retrieved, reinvented and restructured from the obscure and impersonal discourse of history. The novel however leaves that task to the readers. Works Consulted: Deshaye, Joel. Parading the Underworld of New Orleans in Ondaatjes Coming Through Slaughter American Review of Canadian Studies. ( December 22, 2008). Emmerson, Shannon.Negotiaing the Boundaries of Gender: Construction and Representation of Women in the Work of Michael Ondaatje. A Thesis in The Depanment of English Presented in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts at Concordia University. Canada ,November 1997. Ondaatje, Michael. Coming Through Slaughter. London: Bloomsbury,2004. Saklofske, Jon. The Motif of the Collector and Implications of Historical Appropriation in Ondaatjes Novels. Comparative Cultural Studies and Michael Ondaatjes Writing. West Lefayette :Purdue Univesity Press,2005: 73-82. Vander,Kristin Coming Through Slaughter: The Destruction of a Man, Catapult. Vol.2, Num.4:2003 Wong, Cynthia F. Michael Ondaatje. Asian American Novelists: A Bio-Bibliographical Critical Source Book. Ed. Emannuel S. Nelson. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998. Zepetnek,Steven Tà ¶tà ¶sy de. Comparative Cultural Studies and Michael Ondaatjes Writing. West Lefayette:Purdue Univesity Press, 2005.

Contrasting Lucas Beauchamp of Go Down, Moses and Joe Christmas of Light in August :: comparison compare contrast essays

Contrasting Lucas Beauchamp of Go Down, Moses and Joe Christmas of Light in August  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Lucas Beauchamp, found in Intruder in the Dust and Go Down, Moses, is one of William Faulkner's most psychologically well-rounded characters. He is endowed with both vices and virtues; his life is dotted with failures and successes; he is a character who is able to push the boundaries that the white South has enforced upon him without falling to a tragic ending. Living in a society which believes one drop of black blood makes a person less than human and implies criminal tendencies, a society in which men like Joe Christmas are hunted and killed for fear of racial mixing, Lucas is a character who contradicts all that we have come to expect from a typical tragic character of mixed blood, such as Joe Christmas or Charles Bon. By contrasting the Lucas Beauchamp we find in the "The Fire and the Hearth" section of Go Down, Moses to a model tragic figure such as Joe Christmas from Light in August, one can measure Lucas' success by his own merit, not by his white ancestry. Environment is key to understanding Faulkner's characters.  Ã‚   Daniel J. Singal argues Faulkner's intentions of creating Lucas Beauchamp as a "model transitional identity," a bridge from Jim Crowism to the end of segregation (268).   Segregation produces a structure of society that feels threatened by that which cannot be arranged into the roles of hierarchy. Andre Bleikasten states, "To divide is to pass judgment, to name the categories of good and evil, to assign them to fixed locations, and to draw between them boundaries not to be crossed" (326). Jefferson society divides its citizens into categories of black and white. Each individual knows where he or she stands; each knows at a glance which category every other citizen belongs to, and treats others accordingly. Any deviation from this structure is a threat to the society (326). In Light in August, Joe Christmas poses such a threat to Jefferson society because he is able to cross the boundaries. He looks white, but allege dly has black blood. He never acted like either a nigger or a white man. That was it. That was what made the folks so mad. For him to be a murderer and all dressed up and walking the town like he dared them to touch him, when he ought to have been skulking and hiding in the woods, muddy and dirty and running.

The Power Sruggle in the Film, Matewan :: Film Movies Business Management

The Power Sruggle in the Film, Matewan The film Matewan brings to life the workings of a small West Virginia coal-mining town in the 1920's. Stone Mountain, as the town was called, existed for mining exclusively. Every resident of the town worked for the Stone Mountain Coal Company. The company was the dominant force in the community, acting as a feudal lord. It owned all the land, residential areas and restaurants. In this particular town residents had no other choice than to work for the Coal Company because it had monopoly control over all the resources thus creating a feudal economic system. The miners were forced into a bondage contract with the company, because of the lack of choice they had regarding their employment, which is a fundamental element in a feudal system. The owners of the Stone Mountain Coal Company who profit from the coal generated never actually stepped foot on the Stone Mountain mine land. They had no idea who worked for them and what their situations were. The workers never knew their employer instead the owners sent two representatives to ensure the excavation of the coal happened. The representatives became a third force necessary for the existence of feudal economy in Matewan. They were sent from the company to manage the organization and production of the mine. The representativesÕ primary job was to enforce the rules that the company had established in order to maintain power of the town, mine and essentially the workers. They used threats to induce fear in the miners as a way to stimulate and motivate them to work, because the miners had little significant reason to work besides basic survival. The Coal Company exploited the workers by underpaying them and restricting their freedom as consumers. The miners were forced to buy their own tools, clothes, food, etc. from the Ôcompany storeÕ many times at higher prices than necessary. This created circulation of money from the company to the laborer back to the company. The miners worked for obvious reasons: to supply themselves and their families with shelter, food and clothing. They relied on company power to supply a means of employment. However, the company in turn relied on the laborers, because without them the company would have no means by which to excavate the coal and continue the production process.

Parks, Moments and Forests Endangered Essay -- Conservation

Parks, Moments and Forests Endangered One of the best ideas this country did was the creation our system of national monuments, parks, and forests; as well used as a model for our state parks. Historically, parks and forests were the domain of the very rich, influential, and the powerful where they could hunt and relax. Here in the United States that mindset prevailed that until the mid-1860s. With the discovery in the early 1800’s by who were called mountain men of boiling hot mud, steam being emitted out of the ground, water being ejected out of the ground that at first was dismissed as nonsense and was dubbed â€Å"Colter’s Hell† (Burns). This is until a prestige’s expedition brought back detailed description of hot springs, the boiling mud, and of course the geysers. After this time a sense was gaining momentum that we, as a nation, should preserve such wonders for not only the rich and powerful, but for all citizens to enjoy. Our parks became the last refuge of animals that otherwise hav e disappeared forever (Burns). Our national park system for the creating of the first national park at Yellowstone, they continue to evolve of who should control the national parks, what should be contained within their boundaries, even if they should exist at all (Burns). A push for the creation of a â€Å"Nations Park† came due to the near ruin of Niagara with landowners owning every vista and overlook of the falls and charging a fee, commercialization gone wild and what became a national embarrassment (Burns). While Yellowstone is officially the first national park, Yosemite with a bill passed in 1864 introduced a bill to protect the Yosemite Valley and signed by President Lincoln. This became a cascade of more parks being created, but not only fo... ...dea. Prod. Ken Burns and Dayton Duncan. Perf. Peter Coyote. PBS, 2009. DVD. Sharon, Susan. Maine Lawmakers Resolve to Oppose Creation of a National Park. PBS. MPBN, Maine, 17 June 2011. Maine Lawmakers Resolve to Oppose Creation of a National Park. PBS, 17 June 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2012. United States. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Budget. By GPO. National Park Service, 18 Jan. 2012. Web. 11 Apr. 2012. United States. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. National Park Service Cultural Resources Discover History. By Robert W. Righter. The Western Historical Quarterly. Web. 13 Mar. 2012. United States. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Wildland Fire in Yellowstone. By GPO. National Park Service. Web. 11 Apr. 2012. The Yosemite Valley Case. Supreme Court. Dec. 1872. FindLaw. Thomson Reuters Business. Web. 8 Apr. 2012. Parks, Moments and Forests Endangered Essay -- Conservation Parks, Moments and Forests Endangered One of the best ideas this country did was the creation our system of national monuments, parks, and forests; as well used as a model for our state parks. Historically, parks and forests were the domain of the very rich, influential, and the powerful where they could hunt and relax. Here in the United States that mindset prevailed that until the mid-1860s. With the discovery in the early 1800’s by who were called mountain men of boiling hot mud, steam being emitted out of the ground, water being ejected out of the ground that at first was dismissed as nonsense and was dubbed â€Å"Colter’s Hell† (Burns). This is until a prestige’s expedition brought back detailed description of hot springs, the boiling mud, and of course the geysers. After this time a sense was gaining momentum that we, as a nation, should preserve such wonders for not only the rich and powerful, but for all citizens to enjoy. Our parks became the last refuge of animals that otherwise hav e disappeared forever (Burns). Our national park system for the creating of the first national park at Yellowstone, they continue to evolve of who should control the national parks, what should be contained within their boundaries, even if they should exist at all (Burns). A push for the creation of a â€Å"Nations Park† came due to the near ruin of Niagara with landowners owning every vista and overlook of the falls and charging a fee, commercialization gone wild and what became a national embarrassment (Burns). While Yellowstone is officially the first national park, Yosemite with a bill passed in 1864 introduced a bill to protect the Yosemite Valley and signed by President Lincoln. This became a cascade of more parks being created, but not only fo... ...dea. Prod. Ken Burns and Dayton Duncan. Perf. Peter Coyote. PBS, 2009. DVD. Sharon, Susan. Maine Lawmakers Resolve to Oppose Creation of a National Park. PBS. MPBN, Maine, 17 June 2011. Maine Lawmakers Resolve to Oppose Creation of a National Park. PBS, 17 June 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2012. United States. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Budget. By GPO. National Park Service, 18 Jan. 2012. Web. 11 Apr. 2012. United States. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. National Park Service Cultural Resources Discover History. By Robert W. Righter. The Western Historical Quarterly. Web. 13 Mar. 2012. United States. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Wildland Fire in Yellowstone. By GPO. National Park Service. Web. 11 Apr. 2012. The Yosemite Valley Case. Supreme Court. Dec. 1872. FindLaw. Thomson Reuters Business. Web. 8 Apr. 2012.

Jobless

People work hard to get better lives and to accomplish what they want after graduating high school or college. However, they face some difficulties in finding a job. Unlikely, â€Å"Ben† (‘Young†) would not want to be an â€Å"independent adult† (A. 25). As the rate of youth unemployment is rising, many countries suffer from how to deal this unwelcome circumstance. According to statistic of Margaret’s article, â€Å"In Canada, the jobless rate for young adults is a relatively low 14 per cent. Across the European Union, the jobless rate is higher than 20 per cent.In the U. S. , the jobless rate for high-school-educated men between 20 and 24 – Ben's generation – has reached 22. 4 per cent† (A25). If the number of jobless people increases, many problems will arise in society. First, youth power could be wasted, and countries could lose human resources. Many jobs require capacity from men for some works that women could not handle. Ho wever, some people may argue that women could handle those jobs and there should be no gender discrimination.Although there is less sexual discrimination in work places, discrimination in hiring still exists. Jobs of women are â€Å"much more likely to be part-time, contract work, working through a temporary help agency, or working on their own† (301). Women also have to consider â€Å"child care† that could be â€Å"limits women’s choice of paid employment† (301). Thus, men would be widely used in many jobs for society. Generally, in terms of physical condition, young men are stronger than women so labor and some jobs require physical strength from men.For instance, young women work at building construction; they could have difficulties to carry heavy materials. Consequently, progress of constructing the building could be slower because of lack of strength. The slow progression could create that the time and money be wasted. Secondly, people without work could be effect on the society. Not working is associated in homelessness, criminal problem and social welfare. Unemployment could be homeless because they do not have enough money to buy or rent the house.Homeless people sometimes commit suicide because they cannot afford to buy basic needs such as food, clothing and shelter. It is hard to maintain those requisites if they do not work and there is no financial supports. Poverty from unemployment also could impact on their children. Children who grow upon poverty later suffer from more persistent and several health problems than children who grow up under better financial circumstances. Children raised in poverty also tend to miss school more often, so they could not have a high quality of education.When these children grow up, it is hard for them to find a better career and they could be jobless again as their parents who were unemployment as well. Moreover, people without work make the criminal rate increase because joblessness a nd homeless could be a major motivator in theft, burglary and violent crimes in order to get money easily. A result of criminal from unemployment may bring that our social security is jeopardized. Lastly, there may be less social welfare for children and disabled people because young men without work have not enough money to pay taxes.The result of fewer taxes could make government’s finance decrease and then government could not support the social welfare. Of course, people would not receive the better social welfare services. Finally, being without work could affect their individual life such as relationship, confidence and health. If they go out and talk with friends or other people who are working, they could not communicate with them because they do not have work experience and do not understand words that worker used.Thus, they will not be likely to go out and interact with other people, and prefer to stay alone at home. Not moving out could make many unemployment not w ant to get married because youth unemployment could be â€Å"trapped in a twilight world of failure to achieve adulthood† (â€Å"Young†). Indeed, they would have the lack of relationship with people. By not working, people also may begin to doubt their sense of self and abilities, be depressed and not have confidence. The result of emotional effects may give unemployment a huge stress.Suffering from stress is known as to have physical effects on a human body; therefore, they find doctor and do drugs more. Certainly, their health may be at risk. In conclusion, there is a problem that not only youth power but also time and money could be wasted if the unemployment rate keeps rising. In terms of society, people without work could be homeless and a cause of increasing criminal. They also may lead to lack of social welfare services. In terms of each unemployed individual, they may have a low interaction with other people and communication skills.By being jobless, people cou ld have not only emotional effects such as self-esteem, lack of confidence, depression and anxiety, but also physical effects from the stress. Thus, young unemployed people may be the problems to be ironed out in the world. Works – cited Townson, Monica. â€Å"Canadian women on Their Own Are the Poorest of the Poor. † Writing: A Journey. Ed. Lester Faigley and Melanie Rubers. Pearson, 2010. 300-301. Print. â€Å"Young men without work. †Ã‚  Globe ; Mail  [Toronto, Canada] 10 Nov. 2011: A25. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 22 July 2012.